Micro Scopes

A microscope is for viewing objects that are too little to be seen by the independent eye. The science of investigating little objects using such an instrument is called microscopy. The term 'microscopic' means miniature or very little, not able to be seen with the eye unless helped by a microscope. Microscopes trace their history back almost 1200 years. The first microscope was made around 1595 in Middelburg, Holland. Three different eyeglass makers have been given credit for the invention: Hans Lippershey; Hans Janssen; and his son, Zacharias. The most common type of microscope—and the first to be invented—is the optical microscope.

How They Work

A microscope does the same thing as a refracting telescope - light waves being bent as they travel through glass. In a telescope, the idea is to bend light from very far-off objects into a small focus at the eye. In a microscope, the idea is to bend light into a parallel path, then bend that light into focus of the eye.

Light enters the base, travels through the lenses and then through the eyepiece.

The power of the microscope depends on how much each lens bends the light. Usually, the power is written right on the microscope itself. 40 x, for instance, means that the image at the eyepiece is 40 times larger than real life.

Case Study

Case Study. Murder in the Family Blood.

The Johnson’s are a quiet family but on the 27^th of February 2007 the grandma (Josephine) was killed in her kitchen with a fatal cut to her throat with a kitchen knife. Josephine was being sent threatening messages every morning at 7 am but was too scared to confront the man. The messages went on for 3 months and she never had the courage to tell anyone. At the scene police used chromatography to find out it was a red sharpie permanent marker pen; using DNA samples they also found that the murder was part of Josephine’s family. The family was taken into custody and was rigorously questioned, the 5 and 3 year old boys where distraught that their grandma was killed and was put in care till the case was closed. Using more DNA fingerprinting they found that the murder was on Josephine’s son’s side of the family and the little boys where put back in care of their mother. The two sons’s were questioned more and the police searched both houses and found that David the eldest son was the only one who had a red permanent marker pen which matched the finger prints on the notes. After using police methods’ they got David to confess that he killed his mother. After this he got a life sentence for murder and no parole.

Chromatography

Chromatography is a Way of Identifying an Object by Using its Chemical Base.

It can be used with:

· Make up

· Pens

· Food colouring’s

For instance, if someone has been sending note to someone the police might get some suspects and get some pens and use chromatography to find out whose pen it might be.

Chromatography is a method for analyzing complex mixtures (such as ink) by separating them into the chemicals from which they are made.

You can you try this by getting a couple of pens (permanent marker, writing pen, hand writing pen ect.) get a strip of paper and 1cm above the bottom of the paper draw a line. Evenly spread out draw small dots – go over about 5 times – then put is a small glass of water (stop the water just before the dots).

It’s amazing what some pens do.

It’s the molecules in the mixture that make the dye spread.

DNA fingerprinting

DNA fingerprinting has become a permanent part of society, helping to prove innocence or guilt in court cases, resolving arguments in court. It was invented by Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys, University of Leicester.

The chemical formation of everyone's DNA is the same. The only difference between people (or animal) is the order of the base pairs. There are so base pairs in each person's DNA that everyone has a different order. Using these sequences, every person could be recognized only by the sequence of their base pairs. However, because there are so many base pairs, the task would be very long. Instead, scientists are able to use a shorter method, because of repeating patterns in DNA. These patterns do not give an individual "fingerprint," but they are able to resolve whether two DNA samples are from the same person. Scientists use a small number of sequences of DNA that are known to be different among people a great deal, and analyze those to get a definite chance of a match.

Blood Types

There Are Loads Of Different Blood Types There Are:
A+ and A-

B+ and B-

AB+ And AB-

O+ and O-

Info:

• They Are Also Called Blood Groups
• The figures of uk are:
  37% O+
  35% A+
  8% B+
  3% AB+
  7% O-
  7% A-
  2% B-
  1% AB-
• If you have blood type A then you've got A antigens all over your red cells. Blood types B means you have B antigens, while group O has neither, and group AB has some of both. To make matters difficult though, type AB has no antibodies and type O has both of the antibodies. This means giving someone blood from the wrong ABO type could be lethal.

Finger Prints

Creator: Sir Francis Galton, but the first person STUDY fingerprints was Nehemiah Grew When: Around 1880 but the time they where studied was 1684

A fingerprint is a ridge in the skin in the end of your fingers. It takes over your hold palm and your feet! They are in a patten that is personal to you and that pattern is your finger print. It does not change at all throughout your lifetime either. Fingerprints are a brilliant way of finding out who someone is. The sciences of it are:

No fingerprints are the same in the whole world
Has been proven to help solve big crimes
Is the most commonly used way of identification in the court of law
Is being improved everyday by top scientists
Does better than all other identification put together to get criminals

Sources:

• 101 Things you wish you'd invented...and some you wish no one had.
• Wikipedia
• Scotland yard website

Starting

Hi there I'm Lottie and i am in 8b2 i enjoy science

but the best thing is BLOWING STUFF UP

when i grow up i want to be a photograpthy

and this topic is all about